Top Mobile App Development Companies - 2021 Reviews
clutch.coList of the Top Mobile App Developers · Hyperlink InfoSystem · Algoworks · Rightpoint, a Genpact Company · Mercury Development · The NineHertz · Blue Label Labs.
Top Mobile App Design Companies in Toronto | GoodFirms
www.goodfirms.coList of Top Mobile App Design Companies Toronto | Top Mobile App Designers Toronto · OpenXcell · RipenApps · BrancoSoft Private Limited · Cubix.
Find the Best App Designing Company to Work With in 2021
uxstudioteam.comA global web and mobile app design agency with expertise in native and cross-platform ...
Top 5 Mobile App Design Agencies in the World - Nik Sundin
niksundin.medium.comFind the best mobile app design agency for your mobile app. Featuring the top app design firms and mobile application design companies from around the ...
Top 30 App Development Companies | Nov 2021 | DesignRush
www.designrush.comWe provide ongoing UI/UX design, Web Development, Mobile App Development and offshore ...
App Design Company: Home
www.appdesigncompany.comWe specialize in mobile app design and development. We successfully launched over 625 mobile apps for a total of 80 million downloads. Based in San Diego, ...
The 21 top mobile app design companies of 2020
www.techrepublic.comDetails on the top 10 mobile app developers · 1. Kroon Studio · 2. Appetiser · 3. App Makers LA · 4. Master of Code Global · 5. Fahrenheit Marketing.
Mobile Application Design Services - RubyGarage
rubygarage.orgThe RubyGarage mobile app design company is your one-stop shop. Our full-stack team does it all – from iOS and Android app design services to development ...
Top Mobile App Design Companies | DesignCompaniesRanked
www.designcompaniesranked.comTop Mobile App Design Companies · 1. Blue Fountain Media · 2. Savvy Apps · 3. Lounge Lizard · 4. Fueled · 5. Big Drop Inc. · 6. Y Media Labs · 7. InnovationM · 8.
Top 50+ Mobile App Design Companies Nov-2021
www.mobileappdaily.comEmerge is a renowned app designing company employed in application development, application design, and strategy formulation for businesses aimed to provide ...
Mobile App Development Company, Toronto, Canada
www.spaceo.caWe design and develop native mobile applications (iOS and Android) for your business. Being one of the top mobile app development companies in Canada, ...
11 Best Freelance Mobile App Designers [Hire in 48 Hours]
www.toptal.comEach Toptal app designer is thoroughly vetted and trusted by top companies for their most critical mobile apps and mobile app design projects.
App design company: professional mobile and web app ...
magora-systems.comApp Design Company: Professional Software Designers ... Practices for creating a user-friendly mobile experience are constantly evolving along with the ...
Top App Design Agencies Worldwide - November 2021
theymakedesign.comHire the best app design agency for your mobile app. Choose among the best app designers and mobile application design companies in the ...
AppStudio: App Development Company in Toronto, Canada
www.appstudio.caThey executed the app development process brilliantly, from design to testing. Richa Turkstra. Excellent Work. I got my mobile application developed from ...
Mobile App UI/UX Design Services - AppsChopper
www.appschopper.comAs a leading mobile app design company, we create a unique and business-centric app design to meet the visions and goals of our clients. We assist startups and ...
Fueled: Mobile App Development & Digital Transformation ...
fueled.comMore than an app development company: Fueled is an award-winning technology consultancy that transforms businesses by generating ideas, building products, ...
Top App Developers | Mobile App Development Company in ...
www.appvelocity.caWe are the best app development company, creating a portfolio of highly performant mobile apps for iOS & Android. ... Mobile app developer system design ...
Mobile Development Company | Appnovation
www.appnovation.comUsing creative design and cutting edge technologies our Android app developers deliver some of the best Android apps found on Google Play. Explore More.
The Top App Design Companies - November 2021 | 99firms
99firms.comWe evaluated 100+ companies to shortlist the best app design companies you can hire. ... The BHW Group is among the best mobile app design and development ...
Best App Development Companies - Find Mobile App Agency
visualobjects.comAfterlight already had an iOS app but approached Fueled to design an Android version that included all of the same functionalities. The photo-editing app ...
Mobile App Design Company - RailsFactory
railsfactory.comLooking for a Reliable mobile app design company? Get interactive mobile apps for android & iOS from our expert mobile application developers at ...
Mobile Application Development Company in Pasadena, Los ...
www.pinterest.comWe are one of the most experienced mobile app development companies in Los Angeles. Hire. PX Media / Pasadena Website Design. 971 followers.
Mobile App Design Company | Halo Lab
www.halo-lab.comHalo Lab is a reliable mobile application design company ⭐ We help generate the most effective design solutions for each unique business.
Web Development and Mobile Apps Design Company
appdesign.devApp Design is a leader in website design and development in Europe, the United States, and South America. Our agency offers professional web development ...
Mobile App Design - Toronto - Brain Box Labs
brainboxlabs.comClick here to find out what this Toronto app developer design studio can do for your business. Mobile apps sell, Brain Box Labs have the expertise to build ...
Mobile App Design Services - Sprink Digital
www.sprinkdigital.comAt Sprink Digital, a top mobile app design company, we offer creative mobile app design services that are driven by user experience and focus on building ...
Mobile App Design Services Company - Excellent Webworld
www.excellentwebworld.comA perfect mobile app design service is ideal for the success of an app. We as a mobile app design company offer you with a neat, strategic & alluring ...
Brossard App Design: Mobile & Web App Development - iOS ...
www.brossarddesign.comBrossard App Design is a mobile application development company in Montreal. Our team of developers specialize in designing, building and deploying Android, ...
Mobile App Design Services - Provis Technologies
provistechnologies.comProvis Technologies offers creative mobile app design services to carve ... Being one of the best mobile designing companies, we provide complete solutions.
Mobile App Development Firm | Edmonton, Alberta | Paper Leaf
paper-leaf.comUser-centered design & agile development. When we build custom mobile apps for our clients, we primarily do so on React Native in order to take advantage of the ...
Mobile App Development Company for Startups, Businesses
www.designial.comEnterprise-grade B2B mobile apps for growing companies ... UX App Design Company - mobile app development that deliver business results ...
Mobile App Design and Development Company ... - VOCSO
www.vocso.comExperience world-class custom mobile app development services from VOCSO. Hire the #1 mobile applications design and development company in ...
Mobile App Development Company in USA - Cubix
www.cubix.coCubix is an award-winning mobile app development company in USA, specializes in mobile application services. Hire mobile app developers that design and ...
These 9+ Best App Developers Are Famous For Mobile ...
www.10bestdesign.comSome app designers might specialize in mobile game design, whereas other could be superior at designing B2B apps. After you view the companies ...
Mobile App Design Process – The Ultimate Guide - BuildFire
buildfire.comUnderstanding the overall business strategy should form the basis of your mobile app design. Misalignment between company strategy and the mobile strategy ...
Top 5 UI/UX Design Agencies in the World – November 2021
uxplanet.orgA UX agency is a design consultancy that specializes in user experience. Those companies can design and build a mobile app UI, website, and even ...
Mobile App Development Brampton | Android & iOS Apps ...
www.glassmedia.caWe are Apps & a website builder company in Brampton specialized in Ios and android mobile application design services with most innovative technologies.
App Design Company - strategy, services - UIG Studio
uigstudio.comFrom conception to creation, our mobile app designing company offers the complete process. Whatever stage you are at, our experts can help get your app onto ...
Top Mobile App Design Company India, USA - Info Stans
infostans.comWe are mobile app design company worked with different industrial and delivering excellence user experience in mobile app designing for android, iOS, ...
Mobile App Design Services | Fireart Studio
fireart.studioFireart Studio is a one-stop-shop for mobile app design and development ⚡ We are here to advise you on the right option for your business and develop a ...
App Design Company - Mobile & Web Solutions | Koombea
www.koombea.comResponsive Web Design Services. As a mobile app design company, we understand that having a responsive website or a responsive web application is necessary to ...
Mobile App Design, Mobile App UI/UX Designers - Qubstudio
qubstudio.comWe help digital companies supercharge their mobile apps by bringing design mindset, methodologies and best practices of design process to the product team.
Mobile App UI UX Design Company - CronJ
www.cronj.comCronJ is a Mobile UX design agency our professional designer can handle and create your android app design impeccably. UI UX is the necessity for all the ...
Marc Alringer - Web / Mobile App Design & Development
www.linkedin.comAs Founder and President of Seamgen, I have built the best application development company in San Diego. We partner with companies ranging from startups to ...
Top Mobile App Development Companies - 2021 Reviews
clutch.coList of the Top Mobile App Developers · Hyperlink InfoSystem · Algoworks · Rightpoint, a Genpact Company · Mercury Development · The NineHertz · Blue Label Labs.
Top Mobile App Design Companies in Toronto | GoodFirms
www.goodfirms.coList of Top Mobile App Design Companies Toronto | Top Mobile App Designers Toronto · OpenXcell · RipenApps · BrancoSoft Private Limited · Cubix.
Find the Best App Designing Company to Work With in 2021
uxstudioteam.comA global web and mobile app design agency with expertise in native and cross-platform ...
Top 5 Mobile App Design Agencies in the World - Nik Sundin
niksundin.medium.comFind the best mobile app design agency for your mobile app. Featuring the top app design firms and mobile application design companies from around the ...
Top 30 App Development Companies | Nov 2021 | DesignRush
www.designrush.comWe provide ongoing UI/UX design, Web Development, Mobile App Development and offshore ...
App Design Company: Home
www.appdesigncompany.comWe specialize in mobile app design and development. We successfully launched over 625 mobile apps for a total of 80 million downloads. Based in San Diego, ...
The 21 top mobile app design companies of 2020
www.techrepublic.comDetails on the top 10 mobile app developers · 1. Kroon Studio · 2. Appetiser · 3. App Makers LA · 4. Master of Code Global · 5. Fahrenheit Marketing.
Mobile Application Design Services - RubyGarage
rubygarage.orgThe RubyGarage mobile app design company is your one-stop shop. Our full-stack team does it all – from iOS and Android app design services to development ...
Top Mobile App Design Companies | DesignCompaniesRanked
www.designcompaniesranked.comTop Mobile App Design Companies · 1. Blue Fountain Media · 2. Savvy Apps · 3. Lounge Lizard · 4. Fueled · 5. Big Drop Inc. · 6. Y Media Labs · 7. InnovationM · 8.
Top 50+ Mobile App Design Companies Nov-2021
www.mobileappdaily.comEmerge is a renowned app designing company employed in application development, application design, and strategy formulation for businesses aimed to provide ...
Mobile App Development Company, Toronto, Canada
www.spaceo.caWe design and develop native mobile applications (iOS and Android) for your business. Being one of the top mobile app development companies in Canada, ...
11 Best Freelance Mobile App Designers [Hire in 48 Hours]
www.toptal.comEach Toptal app designer is thoroughly vetted and trusted by top companies for their most critical mobile apps and mobile app design projects.
App design company: professional mobile and web app ...
magora-systems.comApp Design Company: Professional Software Designers ... Practices for creating a user-friendly mobile experience are constantly evolving along with the ...
Top App Design Agencies Worldwide - November 2021
theymakedesign.comHire the best app design agency for your mobile app. Choose among the best app designers and mobile application design companies in the ...
AppStudio: App Development Company in Toronto, Canada
www.appstudio.caThey executed the app development process brilliantly, from design to testing. Richa Turkstra. Excellent Work. I got my mobile application developed from ...
Mobile App UI/UX Design Services - AppsChopper
www.appschopper.comAs a leading mobile app design company, we create a unique and business-centric app design to meet the visions and goals of our clients. We assist startups and ...
Fueled: Mobile App Development & Digital Transformation ...
fueled.comMore than an app development company: Fueled is an award-winning technology consultancy that transforms businesses by generating ideas, building products, ...
Top App Developers | Mobile App Development Company in ...
www.appvelocity.caWe are the best app development company, creating a portfolio of highly performant mobile apps for iOS & Android. ... Mobile app developer system design ...
Mobile Development Company | Appnovation
www.appnovation.comUsing creative design and cutting edge technologies our Android app developers deliver some of the best Android apps found on Google Play. Explore More.
The Top App Design Companies - November 2021 | 99firms
99firms.comWe evaluated 100+ companies to shortlist the best app design companies you can hire. ... The BHW Group is among the best mobile app design and development ...
Best App Development Companies - Find Mobile App Agency
visualobjects.comAfterlight already had an iOS app but approached Fueled to design an Android version that included all of the same functionalities. The photo-editing app ...
Mobile App Design Company - RailsFactory
railsfactory.comLooking for a Reliable mobile app design company? Get interactive mobile apps for android & iOS from our expert mobile application developers at ...
Mobile Application Development Company in Pasadena, Los ...
www.pinterest.comWe are one of the most experienced mobile app development companies in Los Angeles. Hire. PX Media / Pasadena Website Design. 971 followers.
Mobile App Design Company | Halo Lab
www.halo-lab.comHalo Lab is a reliable mobile application design company ⭐ We help generate the most effective design solutions for each unique business.
Web Development and Mobile Apps Design Company
appdesign.devApp Design is a leader in website design and development in Europe, the United States, and South America. Our agency offers professional web development ...
Mobile App Design - Toronto - Brain Box Labs
brainboxlabs.comClick here to find out what this Toronto app developer design studio can do for your business. Mobile apps sell, Brain Box Labs have the expertise to build ...
Mobile App Design Services - Sprink Digital
www.sprinkdigital.comAt Sprink Digital, a top mobile app design company, we offer creative mobile app design services that are driven by user experience and focus on building ...
Mobile App Design Services Company - Excellent Webworld
www.excellentwebworld.comA perfect mobile app design service is ideal for the success of an app. We as a mobile app design company offer you with a neat, strategic & alluring ...
Brossard App Design: Mobile & Web App Development - iOS ...
www.brossarddesign.comBrossard App Design is a mobile application development company in Montreal. Our team of developers specialize in designing, building and deploying Android, ...
Mobile App Design Services - Provis Technologies
provistechnologies.comProvis Technologies offers creative mobile app design services to carve ... Being one of the best mobile designing companies, we provide complete solutions.
Mobile App Development Firm | Edmonton, Alberta | Paper Leaf
paper-leaf.comUser-centered design & agile development. When we build custom mobile apps for our clients, we primarily do so on React Native in order to take advantage of the ...
Mobile App Development Company for Startups, Businesses
www.designial.comEnterprise-grade B2B mobile apps for growing companies ... UX App Design Company - mobile app development that deliver business results ...
Mobile App Design and Development Company ... - VOCSO
www.vocso.comExperience world-class custom mobile app development services from VOCSO. Hire the #1 mobile applications design and development company in ...
Mobile App Development Company in USA - Cubix
www.cubix.coCubix is an award-winning mobile app development company in USA, specializes in mobile application services. Hire mobile app developers that design and ...
These 9+ Best App Developers Are Famous For Mobile ...
www.10bestdesign.comSome app designers might specialize in mobile game design, whereas other could be superior at designing B2B apps. After you view the companies ...
Mobile App Design Process – The Ultimate Guide - BuildFire
buildfire.comUnderstanding the overall business strategy should form the basis of your mobile app design. Misalignment between company strategy and the mobile strategy ...
Top 5 UI/UX Design Agencies in the World – November 2021
uxplanet.orgA UX agency is a design consultancy that specializes in user experience. Those companies can design and build a mobile app UI, website, and even ...
Mobile App Development Brampton | Android & iOS Apps ...
www.glassmedia.caWe are Apps & a website builder company in Brampton specialized in Ios and android mobile application design services with most innovative technologies.
App Design Company - strategy, services - UIG Studio
uigstudio.comFrom conception to creation, our mobile app designing company offers the complete process. Whatever stage you are at, our experts can help get your app onto ...
Top Mobile App Design Company India, USA - Info Stans
infostans.comWe are mobile app design company worked with different industrial and delivering excellence user experience in mobile app designing for android, iOS, ...
Mobile App Design Services | Fireart Studio
fireart.studioFireart Studio is a one-stop-shop for mobile app design and development ⚡ We are here to advise you on the right option for your business and develop a ...
App Design Company - Mobile & Web Solutions | Koombea
www.koombea.comResponsive Web Design Services. As a mobile app design company, we understand that having a responsive website or a responsive web application is necessary to ...
Mobile App Design, Mobile App UI/UX Designers - Qubstudio
qubstudio.comWe help digital companies supercharge their mobile apps by bringing design mindset, methodologies and best practices of design process to the product team.
Mobile App UI UX Design Company - CronJ
www.cronj.comCronJ is a Mobile UX design agency our professional designer can handle and create your android app design impeccably. UI UX is the necessity for all the ...
Marc Alringer - Web / Mobile App Design & Development
www.linkedin.comAs Founder and President of Seamgen, I have built the best application development company in San Diego. We partner with companies ranging from startups to ...
Mobile App Development Company, Toronto, Canada
www.spaceo.caWe design and develop native mobile applications (iOS and Android) for your business. Being one of the top mobile app development companies in Canada, ...
Top Mobile App Development Companies - 2021 Reviews
clutch.coList of the Top Mobile App Developers · Hyperlink InfoSystem · Algoworks · Rightpoint, a Genpact Company · Mercury Development · The NineHertz · Blue Label Labs.
Top 100 Mobile App Developers in Canada | November 2021
themanifest.comClearbridge Mobile is a full-stack mobile app design and development firm based in Toronto, Canada. It has launched more than 250 apps for large enterprise ...
Top App Development Companies (2021)
www.businessofapps.comEmizen Tech · eleks · Konstant Infosolutions · Intellectsoft · NMG Technologies · The NineHertz · The Distance.
Top App Developers | Mobile App Development Company in ...
www.appvelocity.caLooking for the best app developers in Canada to get your app built? We are the best app development company, creating a portfolio of highly performant ...
Mobile App Development Company Canada - iQlance
www.iqlance.comiQlance is a global leader in building iPhone Mobile apps, Android Mobile Apps Development Company In Canada and a trusted name for its quality of work, client ...
AppStudio: App Development Company in Toronto, Canada
www.appstudio.caAppStudio is a leading App Development Company in Toronto Canada, for Startups & Enterprise, focus on high-quality android, iOS & Web development services.
Top App Developers in Canada - Visual Objects
visualobjects.comThey are skilled in programming languages best for mobile apps across multiple platforms. These app development programming languages include Java, Swift, ...
Mobile Development Company | Appnovation
www.appnovation.comAppnovation is an enterprise level mobile development company. Our mobile developers specialize in creating custom-built, high-performing and feature-packed ...
Top App Development Companies in Canada 2021 - Review
www.goodfirms.coList of Top App Developers in Canada for Android, iPhone & iOS · OpenXcell. Leading Mobile App Development Company · Utility. Top Mobile App Design & Development ...
Clearbridge Mobile: App Development Company | Top App ...
clearbridgemobile.comA full stack mobile app development company that offers user-centric product design & engineering services. Get in touch today!
Mobile App Development Company Toronto - Nextbrain Canada
nextbrain.caNextbrain is the leading mobile app development company in Toronto, Canada offering Android app development, iOS app development with user-friendly ...
Mobile App Development Company Toronto - Continuum ...
continuumsoft.caContinuum Software Solutions Inc is a best mobile app development company in Toronto, Canada who plays a vital role in assisting customers adopt mobility by ...
Mobile App Development Company - Space-O Technologies
www.spaceotechnologies.comWe design and develop custom mobile applications for iOS and Android platforms. Our mobile app developers have the expertise to create mobile applications ...
Top Mobile App development company in Toronto, Canada
theapplabb.comTheAppLabb is an award-winning mobile application development company from Toronto, Canada providing exceptional experiences to global brands and ...
Mobile App Development Company, App Development ...
saigalmedia.caSaigal Media is a leading mobile app development company in Toronto. Our App Developers specialize in mobile app development for iOS, Android, ...
Underlabs • Mobile App Development Agency. Montreal ...
underlabs.caA Montreal based Mobile App Development company. App Design & Developers build native cross-platform iOS & Android apps. AI Blockchain smart contracts.
Mobile App Development Services | Intellectsoft
www.intellectsoft.netOUR HIGH-END MOBILE APP DEVELOPMENT SERVICES · Custom iOS and Android apps development · Native and cross-platform solutions · Second platform app development · UI/ ...
iOS & Android Mobile App Developers Toronto & Montréal ...
www.guarana-technologies.comWork with a top mobile app development company in Montréal & Toronto. Our iOS & Android developers & designers make successful apps for startups ...
Top App Developers in Canada | AppFutura
www.appfutura.comUnderlabs is a Top App Development Company in Canada. Based out of Montreal, Quebec, they are the first software engineering firm to develop native mobile apps ...
Mobile app development company. Find skilled talents faster.
www.cleveroad.comCustom app development company with offices in Ukraine, USA, and Norway. Cleveroad is recognized as top mobile application development company by reputable ...
World-class mobile app development company - Peerbits
www.peerbits.comOur mobile app development agency finally launches your application on Playstore or the App store. We launch your mobile app development solution by fulfilling ...
Top 30 App Development Companies | Nov 2021 | DesignRush
www.designrush.comDigital Product Strategy | Mobile | Web | AI. Miquido is a full-service software development partner ...
The APP Solutions: Best Web & Mobile App Developers ...
theappsolutions.comWe are a web & mobile app development company specializing in the development of iPhone, Android and Web applications. Contact us and get free quote now!
MindInventory: Top Mobile App Development Company India ...
www.mindinventory.comThe top-notch and preeminent Web and Mobile App Development Company of India with its global presence in USA, MindInventory is first-rate choice of the ...
Mobile App Development Company Canada & USA - Intelivita
www.intelivita.comDeveloping mobile apps for iOS and Android is more than just the usual business. We breathe in passion for technology and strategize mobile app design with ...
Custom Mobile App Development Services - Chetu
www.chetu.comOur Flutter developers create flexible, reliable, and highly responsive on-demand mobile applications for Android and iOS devices to scale startups, small- ...
Mobile App Development Company London Ontario
mobileappdevelopment.caLeading Mobile application development company in London Ontario trusted by organizations like LHSC, MLHU. Experienced Android and iOS developers.
Top Mobile App Development Companies in Toronto - UpCity
upcity.comBusiness Summary: Continuum Software Solutions Inc is a best mobile app development company in Toronto, Canada. Specializing in Native and Hybrid Mobile ...
Top 10 Trust-worthy App Development Companies - The ...
www.europeanbusinessreview.comOne of the most popular companies in the world, Blue Label Labs offers reliable iOS, Android, and Hybrid mobile app development services for ...
Mobile App Development Company in Canada | Cleffex
www.cleffex.comAs a leading mobile app development company in Canada, Cleffex offers expert iOS and Android mobile application development services. Call us now.
Mobile App Development Company - Brainvire
www.brainvire.comWhen it comes to building exceptional mobile apps, our team of expert mobile app developers takes it one step at a time! We understand what it takes to turn ...
Top Mobile App Development Companies in Toronto ...
codepaper.caAndroid and iOS are the Application Development platform, we design for both of them. To develop a mobile app, the developer needs high coding skills and it can ...
Mobile Application Development Company | FreshWorks Studio
freshworks.ioFreshWorks is a mobile application development company that develops iOS and Android custom mobile apps for startups, enterprises, and the government ...
Mobile App Development Agency in Toronto | 247labs
247labs.comWhen you work with our mobile app development agency out of Toronto, you are working with a team of expert mobile app designers & developers that are ...
Mobile App Development Company in Bangalore - Embitel
www.embitel.comEmbitel Technologies is a mobile app development company in Bangalore, India, with expertise and experience in mobile app development for B2B and B2C ...
Top 10 App Development Companies in Canada Nov-2021
www.mobileappdaily.comThe following is an exclusive report on the best app developers Canada aims to help your business find the right app partner. Mobile App Development Company ...
Custom Mobile Application Development Company - NIX United
nix-united.comDevelop high-performing, scalable and native looking apps for Android devices with Kotlin and Java. iOS app development. Make intuitive mobile apps with rich ...
What does an app developer do? - CareerExplorer
www.careerexplorer.comAn app developer is a computer software engineer whose primary responsibilities include creating, testing and programming apps for computers, mobile phones, ...
Mobile App Development Company Toronto - Future Work ...
futureworktechnologies.comLooking for a Mobile app development Company in Toronto. We are a Leading and Certified App Development Company and offer custom IOS & Android Apps.
Top Mobile Application Development Company in Canada
www.techugo.comTechugo is a mobile application development company in Canada and all over the world. We help our clients with everything from design to mobile app ...
Vog App Developers - Custom Software, iOS | Android | Web ...
vogappdevelopers.comVog App Developers is a Canadian custom software development firm that designs robust iOS & Android mobile apps, custom software applications and enterprise ...
Mobile App Development Company - Toronto - Hilborn Digital
www.hilborndigital.comWe provide mobile app development for Android & iOS apps, as well as web app development and software development. Our Toronto app developers are ...